Understanding Ectopic Pregnancy: Symptoms, Causes, and Risks

An ectopic pregnancy occurs when a fertilized egg implants outside the uterus, making it impossible to carry the pregnancy to term or retrieve the egg. Roughly 2% of all pregnancies are ectopic. Such pregnancies must be medically terminated to prevent complications.

Early signs mimic normal pregnancy symptoms, including
• Missed periods
• Tender breasts
• Fatigue
• Nausea
• Increased urination

Initial warning signs include:
• Vaginal bleeding
• Pelvic or abdominal pain appearing 6-8 weeks after a missed period.

As the condition advances, symptoms may include;
• Shock symptoms—dizziness, fainting, rapid heartbeat, and elevated blood pressure, requiring immediate medical attention.
• Persistent pelvic or abdominal pain that spreads or intensifies.
• Heavy bleeding, possibly severe.
• Pain during intercourse.
• Signs of internal bleeding like weakness, faintness, or drowsiness.
• Shoulder pain caused by internal bleeding irritating the diaphragm.

Note that ectopic pregnancy symptoms can resemble those of miscarriage.

How does ectopic pregnancy develop?
After fertilization, the egg normally travels through the fallopian tube to the uterus. When the tube is damaged or blocked, the egg may implant outside the uterus, often in the tube itself, or occasionally in the ovaries, cervix, abdomen, or scar tissue.

Risk factors for ectopic pregnancy
• Prior ectopic pregnancy increases the chances of recurrence.
• Infection or inflammation of the fallopian tubes, often stemming from gonorrhea or chlamydia.
• Use of fertility medications can raise risk.
• Structural issues or damage to the fallopian tubes from previous surgeries.
• Use of certain contraceptives, such as intrauterine devices or tubal sterilization, may elevate the risk.