Understanding Rheumatoid Arthritis: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment Options

Rheumatoid arthritis is a widespread chronic condition affecting many individuals nationwide. It involves persistent inflammation that primarily targets joints such as those in the hands and feet. Rheumatoid arthritis is a common form of arthritis where the immune system mistakenly attacks its own tissues. Early in the disease, the synovial lining of joints becomes inflamed, which can lead to severe damage if untreated. In advanced stages, internal organs like the heart, lungs, and eyes may also be affected.

Most sufferers notice symptoms in their limbs. Common issues include joint stiffness and pain, difficulties in movement, and swelling. According to the American College of Rheumatology, around 1.3 million people are affected, with women accounting for nearly 75% of cases.

Causes of Rheumatoid Arthritis

Despite ongoing research, the exact cause of rheumatoid arthritis remains unknown. It’s believed to involve an abnormal immune response, where the immune system attacks healthy tissues. Genetics play a key role, with certain genes increasing susceptibility. Genes such as HLA, STAT4, TRAF1, C5, and PTPN22 are linked to disease development. Environmental factors, hormonal influences, and personal lifestyle also contribute.

• The STAT4 gene influences immune regulation.
• TRAF1 and C5 are associated with chronic inflammation.
• PTPN22 affects disease initiation and progression.

Interestingly, some individuals with these genetic markers may never develop the disease. Additional risk factors include:

• Gender: Women are more vulnerable.
• Family history: Genetics from relatives can increase risk.
• Obesity: Excess weight elevates susceptibility.
• Smoking: Smoking exacerbates risk factors.
• Environmental Exposure: Contact with dust, silica, or asbestos can heighten risk.

Symptoms

Early indicators include joint stiffness, tenderness, swelling, fatigue, and unexplained weight loss. If these persist, immediate medical consultation is crucial. As the disease advances, other symptoms such as eye problems, lung issues, skin changes, nerve damage, and cardiovascular complications might emerge.

Treatment Options

Effective management involves medications like NSAIDs to reduce inflammation. Disease-modifying drugs (DMARDs) can slow disease progression and alleviate symptoms. Early diagnosis and targeted therapies significantly improve quality of life. Additionally, lifestyle changes, physical therapy, and regular monitoring are essential for optimal control.