Comprehensive Guide to Meningitis Treatment and Prevention

The meninges are protective membranes surrounding the brain and spinal cord. Inflammation caused by infections or other factors leads to meningitis, which can involve bacterial, viral, fungal, parasitic, or non-infectious origins. The swelling of the meninges impairs blood flow and oxygen to the brain, with common symptoms including high fever, severe headaches, and neck stiffness.

If untreated, meningitis can be fatal. The main types include viral, bacterial, fungal, parasitic, and non-infectious variants. Viral meningitis, caused mainly by enteroviruses, is less severe, while bacterial forms, often from respiratory infections, are more dangerous. Fungal meningitis occurs via bloodstream spread, mainly affecting those with weakened immune systems. Parasitic meningitis, caused by parasites from animal contact, is exceptionally rare. Non-infectious meningitis results from trauma or medical conditions.

The diagnosis involves blood tests, spinal taps, and imaging. Prompt treatment is essential to prevent severe complications. Bacterial meningitis requires immediate IV antibiotics, while fungal cases need potent antifungal medications. Viral meningitis typically resolves on its own within a week or two, with rest and hydration. Parasitic forms are treated symptomatically initially, progressing to antiparasitic drugs if needed.

Vaccination remains the primary preventive measure. The meningococcal conjugate vaccine guards against major bacterial strains, especially beneficial for adolescents, travelers, and immunocompromised individuals. The MenB vaccine targets specific bacteria. Side effects are usually limited to injection site soreness, with some experiencing fever or fatigue.