Early Warning Signs and Detection of Vulvar Cancer

Vulvar cancer, a rare form of malignancy, affects the skin of the vulva— the area surrounding the urethra and vagina. Early detection is crucial for effective treatment, making awareness of symptoms vital. The disease varies based on the affected cell type, leading to different signs and symptoms. Understanding the warning signals can lead to prompt medical attention and better outcomes.

Important Symptoms of Vulvar Cancer

Vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia (VIN)
While VIN isn't classified as cancer, it can progress to vulvar malignancy. Most women with VIN may experience no symptoms, but persistent itching is common. Affected skin may appear thicker, lighter, pink, red, or darker than normal. These visual changes are important signs to watch for.

Invasive Squamous Cell Carcinoma
Symptoms include color and texture changes in the vulvar skin. These may manifest as lighter, darker, pink, or red patches, sometimes accompanied by lumps or bumps that are rough or wart-like. Thickened skin, persistent itching, burning sensation, bleeding unrelated to periods, and long-lasting sores are common signs. Some subtypes, such as verrucous carcinoma, may resemble cauliflower-like growths similar to genital warts.

Vulvar Melanoma
Melanomas can present as dark brown or black lesions but may also be pink, red, or white. Symptoms often mirror other vulvar cancers, including itching, pain, bleeding, or lumps. These melanomas may develop on existing moles; any sudden changes in mole size, shape, or color should prompt medical evaluation. Use the ABCDE criteria—Asymmetry, Border irregularity, Color variation, Diameter over 6mm, and Evolution of the lesion—to identify concerning moles.

Bartholin Gland Cancer
This cancer type may cause a lump near the vaginal opening, often mistaken for a benign cyst. It originates from the glandular tissue lining the Bartholin glands, with a small percentage developing into adenocarcinoma, typically appearing on the sides of the vaginal opening.

Paget’s Disease of the Vulva
An uncommon skin cancer, Paget's disease appears as a red, velvety patch that may turn pink, with possible oozing or bleeding. It often causes soreness and itching, and occurs in glandular cells of the skin.

Diagnosis and Detection
Many symptoms overlap with benign conditions, complicating diagnosis. Consulting healthcare professionals is essential for accurate assessment. Doctors may review medical history, perform physical exams, pelvic assessments, and colposcopies. Additional tests, such as imaging scans, cystoscopy, or rectal examinations, help determine if the cancer has spread. Early diagnosis increases treatment options and prognosis.