Understanding Colorectal Cancer: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment Strategies

Colorectal cancer, commonly known as colon cancer, develops in the colon or rectum, which are vital parts of the digestive system. Initially, it starts as non-cancerous growths called adenomatous polyps on the colon lining. Over time, these polyps can turn into malignant tumors if not detected early. Annually, approximately 1 in 21 men and 1 in 23 women are diagnosed with colon cancer, making it a leading cause of mortality—second among women and third among men. Advances in medicine have helped reduce its incidence.

Colorectal cancer progresses through four stages: early, localized, lymph node involvement, and distant metastasis. The primary cause involves genetic mutations—either inherited or acquired—that disrupt normal cell regulation. Conditions like Lynch syndrome and mutations in the APC gene are common genetic contributors. Symptoms such as changes in bowel habits, rectal bleeding, unexplained weight loss, and abdominal pain should prompt medical consultation. Treatment options include chemotherapy, tumor ablation, and surgery, depending on the cancer's progression.